RADON HYPOTHESIS 1: There is no credible research that proves mechanical ventilation systems in FLORIDA protect the public from radon for longer than 48-72 hours
RADON HYPOTHESIS 2: Currently installed U-tube manometers filled with blue or red oil are not suitable indicators of successful MV radon system operation and should be banned from such use with mechanical ventilation
WARNING, BAD NEWS: Although many thousands of mechanical ventilation radon mitigation systems have been installed in south Florida; no formal, reported RADON research proves or even suggests that any of them work as intended for longer than two days.
Instead, research conducted in 2014 by The FSEC of the University of Central Florida concluded that of the 21 mechanical ventilation systems they studied, only one performed as intended, and the Report From USDOE in 2024 just tried to soften the impact of the bad news
What are the only two documents that can be found?
CLICK 2015 STUDY From FSEC: “Investigation of the Effectiveness and Failure Rates of Whole-House Mechanical Ventilation of Mechanical Ventilation Systems in Florida.” University of Central Florida, FSEC: DISAPPONTMENT, research conducted by The FSEC of the University of Central Florida concluded that of the 21 mechanical ventilation systems they studied, only one actually performed as intended. Their Conclusion? A 95% failure rate
No Reported Study Performed Since 2014. Why Not?
CLICK 2024 REPORT FROM USDOE From the US Department of Energy: “Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Recently Constructed U.S. Homes: Measured Data from Select Southeastern States”: the one From USDOE tried to soften the impact of the 2014 FINDINGS IN FLORIDA. Their Conclusion? No Different. BUT see page vii Executive Summary
GOOD NEWS: NOW OWNERS AND BUYERS ARE LEARNING THE FACTS ABOUT RADON SYSTEMS THAT FAIL
Why are Home Buyers and Owners NOW Mitigating Radon by Retrofitting their Homes with SMART-Engineered MV Fresh Air Systems that Immediately Warn of Failure?
WHY? Because the Home Owners and Buyers suddenly realized Builders DIDN'T INSTALL the Fresh Air System Florida Law and ASHRAE Standards Required with the Medical-Grade Air Filter that Medical Experts and EPA Insisted Upon
- Because without fresh air, their families were breathing used and contaminated, stale, recycled air high in RADON, PM2.5, CO2, and VOCs but low in oxygen,
- Because that is just plain unhealthy and everybody knows it.
- Because a SMART-Engineered Fresh Air System Easily Mitigates Radon, Too
- Because Energy Efficient Homes Without Fresh Air are like Gas Chambers where toxic gases and particles like PM2.5 keep Accumulating
- Because Radon Mitigation by Soil Depressurization without Adding Fresh Air (into the breathing zone) Always Causes Declines in Indoor Air Quality
- Because Soil Depressurization always causes some breathing zone depressurization and can lead to combustion appliance backdrafting and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Use AI to look for connections between radon mitigation and carbon monoxide deaths. Especially in Iowa, Colorado, Nebraska, North and South Dakota. And even in Central and North Florida
Why are Home Buyers demanding an Electronic Radon Meter with an Audible Alarm that reports radon levels every day?
Because no one can Prove or Has Proven That Radon Mitigation by mechanical Ventilation (the old way, dumb) is reliable. And, the blue or red oil-filled manometers have proven to report system OK especially when the radon system has failed completely
Why is Everyone Demanding a SMART Fresh Air System with an Easy-to-Service MERV 14-15 Filter? One serviced from out-of-doors or from indoors every 12-24 months instead of requiring service every 60-90 days?
Because Air Filter and Medical Experts are telling us a MERV 14-15 filter will filter out the bad stuff that will harm your body including your Brain.
After all, Pulmonary Medical Experts tell us your Family’s Lungs need even cleaner air than your car’s engine needs.
Today all automobile engines have excellent filters BUT very few homes have fresh air filters at all
Why is Everyone Demanding a SMART Fresh Air System with Automatic Humidity Control?
Because the Experts are telling us with automatic humidity control, you won’t need to install a dehumidifier later
Fresh air radon systems easily create new mold problems. Search AI for “Have radon mitigation systems caused serious mold problems in Florida?“
A 48 million dollar jury award for an renter exposed to mold. The lawyers still haven’t caught on to the fact that radon mitigation systems have a history of creating many serious mold problems, illnesses, and even deaths in apartments and condos in Florida.
Why is Everyone Demanding a SMART Fresh Air System Control Panel with Simple and Easy Radon Level Adjustability?
Because homeowners do not like being stuck with a radon system that cannot be easily adjusted to their preference.
Why are Home Buyers Especially Demanding an Electronic Digital Radon Meter with Audible Alarm instead of Blue or Red Oil-Filled U-tube Manometer?
Because with MV, (not SSD) a Blue or Red oil-filled U-Tube manometer always gives a false high Radon-Safe reading when the radon system has completely failed because of a loaded home-made air filter. The lawyers may catch on to this soon.
I can Help You Become a Fully Informed Fresh Air/Radon Mitigation Decision-Maker to Ensure That You Will Have No Regrets Later
I Want to Help You to Make a Fully Informed and Smart Radon Mitigation Decision TO KEEP YOUR FAMILY RADON-SAFE for Years rather than a few Weeks or Months
Choosing a Radon Mitigator isn’t easy because you are bombarded with leading advertising, confusing claims, just plain bad information, super low and super high prices, high pressure sales, and unqualified technicians. AND EVERYBODY IS PUSHING FOR A QUICK CLOSING. (Commission checks are not handed out until closing)
THE INSIDER'S GUIDE TO SOUTH FLORIDA RADON MITIGATION: An Honest, No-Surprise, No-Regrets, Detailed Guide for Decision-Makers (coming soon)
In this Guide/Checklist you will discover (available soon)
- six costly misconceptions about radon mitigation and fresh air
- seven questions to ask the radon mitigator before you invite him into your home
- eight mistakes to avoid when choosing a radon mitigator
- how to avoid radon testing ripoffs
- how to avoid four radon mitigation ripoffs
- the difference between value and price
Why not Avoid Asthma, Allergy, Mold, Moldy Odor and Service Trouble Regrets in the Future (and get immediate warning of system failure to get it fixed under warranty)
WARNING to Home Buyers, Home Owners, Real Estate Sales Professionals, Lenders, Radon Testers and Radon Mitigators:
AN UNPLEASANT SURPRISE: Although tens of thousands of mechanical ventilation radon mitigation systems have been installed in south Florida, no formal and reported research proves that they work as intended for longer than two days.
As a reasonable person, you would think that proof that they reliably work as intended for a long time would be easy to find.
FACT: No Such Proof Exists or can be found. Why? Because FAILURE is so Common. And retesting is so uncommon. So almost nobody knows that failure is so common
This two-day test is designed to get a buyer to the closing table quickly, and “to reassure” UNINFORMED lenders that the property is radon safe when it may not be because of an unreliable two-day test. Lenders Beware.
The test may be grossly inaccurate in confirming actual long term radon exposure as it is only an almost instant snapshot in time. Radon levels vary widely as a function of time, weather and season. It is unlikely that any jurors would decide such a two-day test is sufficient to bet their own family’s lives on it.
The two-day test is intended to allow lenders and real estate professionals to escape legal liability for selling or financing a home with radon health risks and in which an occupant suffers personal injury from lung cancer.
BUT, not only is a two day test not very reliable, follow-up testing
- is extremely rare. Retesting is often first conducted when the property is resold sometimes 7 to 10 years later. and that is when the occupants suddenly learn that the radon system has not been working for years.
- The blue or red oil U-tube manometers, silent, and often out of sight, provide maxmum assurance that the radon level is very low when the radon level is not being reduced at all.
It is suggested that with a first-class trial lawyer, a jury could find both real estate sales pros and lenders liable because of the superior knowledge and dealing that is expected of them.
Jurors could easily conclude that there was an implied warranty of radon risk safety, and that it was breached.
Nobody wants to Talk with You About The Facts Below, But They Are True:
20 years later, scientists are starting to catch on about the curious appearance of radon daughter toxic heavy metal and radioactive molecules accumulating in certain brain tissue of Alzheimer’s patients. How could that happen? Brain Radioactivity that is ten times as high as it is in non-Alzheimer’s patients? But what about the heart and the bone marrow?
Try a current AI search. Health Researchers are finally starting to pay attention. You will be amazed all of the current research recently being published.
https://encompass.eku.edu/honors_theses/1047/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28671130/
https://encompass.eku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2081&context=honors_theses
Since July, 2015, No Credible Researchers, not even the Highly Respected Research Scientists From UCF and the FSEC have conducted and published research findings to prove that Radon Mitigation by Mechanical Ventilation does what it is supposed to do for more than 2-30 days, NOT YET, not in ten years!
But one FSEC project tells us a lot. One FSEC Scientists’ Research Project did find that out of the 21 Mechanical Ventilation Systems they tested in 2014 and 2015, Only One System Performed as Intended. That’s a 95% failure rate
Since Radon Mitigation by Mechanical Ventilation is Identical, why should anyone Expect a Better Radon Mitigation Success Rate than a 95% Radon Mitigation Failure Rate?
Click on the link above and Scroll down to pages 3-4 of the PDF document and see “Testing Results”
Then you MUST READ the “Recommendations” that follow
“Based on the findings of this field study, specific code related recommendations include”: (a large, detailed list of recommendations provided by the scientists and which has been ignored)
Since July 1, 2015, The only FSEC Code Recommendation that has been followed was that Florida homes be built air leaky (up to 7 air changes per hour, much less energy efficient, and the exact opposite required by the Florida Energy Code. Uncontrolled Air leaks have proven to make air conditioned homes even more energy inefficient, likely to experience high humidity, mold issues, and moisture damage to materials and furnishings, and cause possible occupant illness, allergies and asthma
Apparently, since the date of that report June 1, 2015, Nobody Else Has Dared to Test Reliability of Mechanical Ventilation Radon Systems and to publish it. Such information would be worse than unpopular with many groups since tens of thousands of the systems have been installed in Florida. How many of those thousands of installations have failed and occupants gotten lung cancer or mold exposure illness?
There is no proof that mechanical ventilation radon mitigation actually works for more than very short periods (Like a two-day post mitigation clearance test)
- Should I bet the lives of my spouse and children on a two day radon test that I have been advised is unreliable?
- In a hot, humid climate, should I bet the potential damage and remediation cost of creating a mold problem in my new home on a two-day radon test?
Would these features help?
- Installing a Medical-Grade Fresh Air Filter (MERV 14-15) is Smart
- Installing a new fresh air filter in 60 seconds every 18-24 months is Smart
- Electronically and Automatically Preventing indoor relative humidity from rising above 59.9% is Smart
- Adjusting Ventilation Rate and Radon Level with a jeweler’s screw driver is Smart
- Eliminating Asthma and Allergy Triggers is Smart
- Maintaining CO2 around 600 ppm to optimize cognitive function and memory is Smart
- Knowing your family’s radon exposure 24/7/365 with an audible alarm radon meter is Smart (You will know to call for warranty repair before your warranty expires)
Wayne’s 7 Suggested Features Your Radon System Needs to Avoid Mold, Moldy Odor and Service Trouble Regrets in the Future (and immediately warn of system failure to get it fixed under warranty)
An Informed Decision NOW makes Long-Term-Confidence a Reality Without Painful Regrets later
Wayne’s Invitation: I am preparing a detailed radon mitigation guide/checklist so that you may make a fully informed decision about radon mitigation in Florida. It will also address the wonderful additional mental and physical health benefits of your family breathing MERV 14-15 filtered fresh air in your home. It will be available shortly.
In this Guide/Checklist you will discover
- six costly misconceptions about radon mitigation and fresh air
- seven questions to ask the radon mitigator before you invite him into your home
- eight mistakes to avoid when choosing a radon mitigator
- how to avoid radon testing ripoffs
- how to avoid four radon mitigation ripoffs
- the difference between value and price
Why not Avoid Asthma, Allergy, Mold, Moldy Odor and Service Trouble Regrets in the Future (and get immediate warning of system failure to get it fixed under warranty)
The Right Decision will deliver confidence without regrets
Wayne’s 7 Point Proposal Checklist
INCLUDE THESE ESSENTIAL, WELL-PROVEN RADON MITIGATION PROVISIONS IN YOUR RADON MITIGATION CONTRACT:
- Premium MERV 14-15 Fresh Air Filter (Factory Made, not Home Made) Scrubs the fresh air to remove the bad stuff just like installing an N96 face mask for your whole home (If you keep doors and windows closed) https://youtu.be/oTPc596G4qM AND https://youtu.be/3Ug_S7tUThc
- Automatic Humidity Control to Prevent Mold – a home that stays dry with a proven 0.1% resolution electronic indoor relative humidity controller to prevent mold and moldy odors later https://youtu.be/AYA-7PhKv8k So you will not need to install a dehumidifier later.
- Adjustable Radon Level – a master control panel for EASY jeweler’s screwdriver-adjustable average radon level https://youtu.be/IzcsEwy-X_I
- Air Delivery Rate Meter – an easy-to-read digital airflow rate meter (CFM)
- A 24/7/365 Digital Radon Meter with Audible Radon Alarm – So You can call the radon guy during the warranty period instead of finding out years later that your system had failed shortly after installation (which is not uncommon)
- Quick, Efficient, Reliable Answers – an easily-accessible Technical Rep who will increase your confidence during radon mitigation discussions 239 571-2227 “Wayne”
- Plug ‘N Play – super-easy-to-install Plug ‘N Play parts and filters availability https://smartairstore.com
- It took me many years to find and learn Building Science Secrets, and I made lots of mistakes in my journey to develop my Smart Products,
- But I continued to pursue perfection and to Test, Year after Year
- Current Products are Well-Proven and Super-Easy to Install on any floor, even in high rise penthouses
- THE RESULT? Now, the most effective and affordable fresh air and radon mitigation products and systems are available in Florida
- They are the fresh air systems the builders left out because of continued bad mold experience and unhealthy residents
Wayne Has Been Doing His Product Development and Testing Homework in Radon Mitigation Art and Science Since 1987. He was granted a US patent for a subslab depressurization system in 1990 patent Number US0051072A https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/5101712?requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiJhYjQ5ODk0Mi01MmJlLTRhNjMtYWQ4OS01NDBmOWI4YzQ5ZWUiLCJ2ZXIiOiIzZDE1ZjA3NC02MWYzLTRjOTYtODIxZi0xYzZmYzNhNTYxOWUiLCJleHAiOjB9
IMAGINE: Radon Mitigation With Smart MERV 14-15 Filter Technology, Will Also Reduce Asthma, Allergies, Illness and Radon Risk, All At the Same Time That You Improve Sleep and Cognitive Function With Super-Clean, Oxygen-Rich Fresh Air, Low in Carbon Dioxide
You Can Get Radon Mitigation Right the First Time - Nobody Wants to have to Mitigate Twice, or to have to Add a Dehumidifier later, or to experience Moldy Odors or Mold Destruction from Lack of Automatic Humidity Control
Free 10 minute consultation with Wayne, our Radon Mitigation Expert/Building Science GUY and Indoor Air Quality Scientist
He Designs, Tests and Manufactures SmartVentilation’s High Performance Products To Keep Your Family Safe
He is probably available Right Now: 239-571-2227 Call Him Right Now
FLASH: Today, More and More Scientists are telling us that Breathing Radon plays a Role in the Development of Dementia/Alzheimer’s The brain tissue of Alzheimer’s patients may emit ten times the radioactivity of non-Alzheimer’s patients https:// www.radonsystems4u.com/radonrisks.html
https://click.actmkt.com/tedcanadaradon
Research indicates that prolonged radon exposure can increase radioactivity in the brain due to the accumulation of radon decay products (RDPs).
Here’s a synthesis of key findings:
NOW You Can Meet all Codes and Recommendations, ASHRAE 62.2-2023, the American Lung Association, EPA Recommendations, the Florida Radon Code, Building Code and Energy Code. the International Residential Code IRC, and California Title 24 (Energy Code)
NOW You Can Install The Proven, Premium Super-Filtration Outdoor Fresh Air System That the Builders Left Out. Why? They were AFRAID OF MOLD in Florida's hot, humid climate! They didn't want to install a costly dehumidifier, SO THEY LEFT OUT FRESH AIR REQUIRED BY LAW, HEALTH SCIENCE, and COMMON SENSE
NOW You Can Keep ALL The Outdoor Bad Stuff Out of Your Your Family's Lungs, Blood Stream, Bone Marrow, Heart, and Brains With A MERV 14-15 Filter to Scrub the Outdoor Air As It Comes INTO Your Home's Breathing Zone. Even on Upper Floors:
- Allergy Triggers
- Asthma Triggers
- Pollen
- Mold Spores,
- PM2.5 carrying toxic heavy metal and radioactive hitchhikers
- Smoke
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Red Tide Toxic Particles
- Blue Green Bacteria Neurotoxins
- VOCs
- Carbon Dioxide
Quick, Easy Filter Service:
A SmartVentilation System Will ALSO Dilute All INDOOR Contaminants Including Radon Down to Safe Levels and Pressurize Your Home's Breathing Zone to Push Radon, Mold, and Wet Outdoor Air AWAY from the Breathing Zone and Exterior Wall Cavity Openings
Four INSIDER'S tips to help you to select SUPERIOR radon mitigation FEATURES:
SmartVentilation, Inc.
(239) 571-2227
Radon Mitigation Based in Building Science
Custom Hardware and Electronics
Reliable Indoor Humidity Control
Proven Success: R&D-Developed + Proven Products to Keep Your Family Safer from Radon and Your Home Free from Mold
Q: Your Car’s Engine Inhales Highly-Filtered Fresh Air. WHY?
A: Because all Manufacturers Want to Prevent Premature Engine Wear and Engine Failure
Q: Shouldn’t Your Family Inhale Even Cleaner MERV 14-15 Filtered Fresh Air than your car’s engine. WHY?
A: To Keep Pollen, Mold Spores, Radioactive/Toxic Heavy Metal-laden PM2.5 Particles, Red Tide, Blue-Green Algae Neurotoxins, Bacteria, and Viruses Out of Their Lungs, Blood Streams, Bone Marrow, Brains, and Hearts where they accumulate day-by-day?
HOW? Pressurization / Dilution Using Super-Clean Fresh Air In Precise/Correct Amounts
Advanced Plug ‘N Play Engineering for Permit-Exempt / No-Delay Installation (often completed 2-3 days after deposit paid)
Reliable, Robotic Operation Prevents Mold without need for a Dehumidifier
We Designed and Manufacture The only available Fresh Air Filter System to meet ASHRAE and USEPA Standards: MERV 14-15 WHY? Because we refused to use Home-Made Fresh Air filters or to operate without any filter at all.
All parts and filters are always available On-Line
Incredible? The Home You Want Has Radon?
Maybe That is a Good Thing
It often means that the home is
Especially Well-Built and
Energy Efficient.
239 571 2227 – iaq@smartventilation.com
Radon Can Always Be Fixed in good ways or sometimes in not-so-good ways
Radon Mitigation: Any Floor, Condos, Apartments, MultiFamily Housing, Single Family Residences
NEW Technology 1: Daisy Deuce Radon Mitigation Retrofit Module
Passive Fresh Air Stub
No Filter, No Power, Sometimes connected to return air plenum.
Out of control at all times. May / May Not Mitigate Radon Successfully. Can Create Serious Mold Issues

Powered Fresh Air / Filtration Air Delivery Conversion Module.
Install it and forget it.
It knows what to do.
Switch filters every 12 months

MERV 13 Filtration12-24 months. Easy Service from indoors 500 filters in stock
Electronic Flow Control allows automatic humidity- mold prevention and optional CO2 control
Call Wayne: 239 571 2227 – for details and Availability
Wayne made Two Presentations at the AARST International Radon Symposium in Denver, 2019
The Daisy Deuce was Developed to overcome the issues revealed in this video
Radon Extractors were Developed to Deliver the Best Result when building workmanship allowed it
Radon Extraction Success depends upon a tight exterior pressure envelope and low HVAC supply and return duct leakage. Careful testing can identify favorable conditions.
BUT No Existing Fresh Air Ducts?
Technology 2: Daisy Ductless Radon Mitigation Fresh Air Delivery / Filtration Module

No Ducts Needed
Easily FIX RADON in MultiFamily Housing without any existing provision for Fresh Air
SuperFiltered, Clean Fresh Air

Installs through exterior wall from indoors with our custom line-bore rig. High efficiency cuttings capture system for no-cleanup, no restoration. In and out the door in two hours max.
The Plug ‘N Play Daisy module is only 9.25 inches in length to fit completely within and nearly flush with wall surfaces both indoors and outdoors. Architectural committees love it.
Experience over seven years has revealed that Daisy-delivered fresh air is quickly distributed to reduce radon throughout the home and without the need for installation of dehumidifiers, ducts or construction of soffits.
Engineered to be fully exempt from permitting for no-delay installations.

Superb Filtration: SmartVentilation Type III
MERV 14-15, which is the Equivalent of an N-95 Face Mask for all the fresh air entering your home.
Type III filters are factory manufactured to SmartVentilation specifications. Filtration Performance is equivalent to an N-95 face mask for all outdoor air delivered by the Daisy. Filter Service Life is 12-24 months. The filter may be serviced in two minutes without tools from indoors and from outdoors. Replacements and accessories are available at https://smartairstore.com.
Type III filters capture pollen, mold spores, radioactive PM2.5, bacteria, viruses, even smoke to keep them out of the breathing zone and out of the occupants’ blood, lungs, bone marrow, heart, and brain. MERV 14-15 exceeds US EPA recommendations of MERV 13.

Master Control Panel: Three Essential Functions
- Humidity Management / Mold Prevention – Robotic
- Radon Level Adjustment by Jeweler’s Screwdriver
- Digital Performance Meter in CFM
Optional: Concealed Power Supply
FIRST: Mold Prevention SmartVentilation’s indoor relative humidity controller Prevents Mold from Daisy Operation. 60% indoor relative humidity is recognized as the mold growth threshold at 76 degrees F. If indoor relative humidity rises above 59.9%, within seconds, the Master Control Panel will temporarily suspend Daisy operation to keep indoor relative humidity below 60%. It is not uncommon to have cooling without de-humidification because of declines in air conditioner performance. If that happens, the Daisy will immediately know it and shut down until the air conditioner is repaired.
SECOND: Radon Level Adjustment SmartVentilation’s radon level control feature allows the home’s occupants to adjust the radon level to their preference. (subject to system performance limitations) Adjusting Radon Level
THIRD: Digital Performance Meter A digital meter indicates the performance level of the Daisy to allow precise performance adjustment settings. We have found that 1200′ -1600′ tightly-built, energy efficient homes usually need only a precise 18-20 cubic feet per minute to achieve the preferred radon reduction goal. The adjustable Daisy Ductless makes it easy with precision. At that rate, Daisy Ductless airflow is nearly undetectable. Multiple Daisy installations for larger homes.

What Does A Daisy Ductless Look Like?
Paint it to match the wall
A Daisy Air Delivery Grille is 7″ in diameter and extends from the wall about 1/8″. The grille is laser-cut of acrylic and may be painted. The Type III filter cartridge may be exchanged from indoors or outdoors, without tools and usually without need for even a step stool. The Daisy is Plug ‘N Play for easy service by almost any handy person. All parts are available at https://smartairstore.com. Daisies have a remarkable record of reliability even under severe salt-spray conditions.
No new soffits required; no moldy air handler closets. No need to install a dehumidifier later. No homemade filter to service every 60 to 90 days from the top of a 10 foot ladder.

Safety Siren Series 4 Pro Radon Meter
Is Your MV Radon System Keeping Your Family Safe?
Or has it failed and you don’t know?
Silent, usually out of sight
What does it mean?
Does it give you confidence?
With RadonRESSQ, LLC You will know your radon level at all times, 24 / 7 / 365.
And if our system fails, you will hear a beep, beep, beep to tell you to call for repair.
And we will restore operation without delay.
And if you want to adjust the radon level accurately and without guesswork, it is easy to do with a jeweler’s screwdriver.
It only takes a few seconds.The radon meter will guide you and confirm your safety.
No batteries to go dead, corrode, and damage the instrument.
METER INCLUDED (This meter is our favorite; it has everything you need.)

Daisy Ductless
Insert Image
- Real Expertise: Focused on Radon Mitigation Product R&D, Manufacturing, Sales and Installation
- Experience since 1987
- Wisdom: Based in Optimizing Occupant Safety and Long Term Performance
- Product Reliability
Real Expertise: Focused on Product Development – R&D<br>Experience: Since 1987<br>Wisdom: Based in Optimizing Occupant Safety and Long-Term Product Reliability<br>
Products: Original, Effective, Proven
